Assisted Suicide Essay

Often labeled compassionate, according to the columnist for the Wall Street Journal, Joni Eareckson Tada, legalized assisted suicide or euthanasia is really a deadly double standard for those with severe disabilities, both conditions that are labeled terminal and those that are not. She seems to be of the opinion that euthanasia should never be considered an option no matter how severe or subjective suffering the person is facing. In the article, Tada claims that legalization of euthanasia, â€Å"sends a clear message that a person with a disability may not have a life worth living† (1). She touches on euthanasia in The Nethlands and Belguium . She stands for a powerful example of a person with this depilating condition, in this case quadriplegia, can accomplish in spite of her condition. However this is somewhat of a bias perspective because it implies that she has put a measure on the subjective pain this condition and similar to it entails. There should be certain conditions set in order to qualify for euthanasia so that it is an option for people who want it but we can also make a system to prevent people from misusing it. We were granted free will which includes the right to end our life when we chose. There does not need to be this all or nothing attitude towards assisted suicide and the disabled. Tada argues, â€Å"this ruling sends a clear message that a person with disability may not have a life worth living†(1). This law would bring nothing but a choice for the terminally ill. There are some disabilities that are incurable and cause tremendous suffering. They should not all fall under one umbrella. Andrew Btiva wrote in his article, Disability and physician-assisted suicide, â€Å"We do not believe that the right to assisted suicide is premised on a diminished quality of life for people with disabilities. It is based on respect for the autonomy of terminally ill individuals during their final days. It does not deny people with disabilities suicide prevention services, protection against murder, or protection from other abuses†(1). Tada is very bias in this article claiming that it would take away the disability will to live and go against their advocacy to have hope and live. When a person comes disabled and loses control in many ways, this in fact just gives them something that they can control. There are defiantly some factors that should qualify for a person requesting assisted suicide. They should be terminally ill with no hope of recovery and  in great physical pain. If it were legalized the disabled population would be majority of the prospect’s. I don’t believe that all disabled should qualify automatically as Tada argues in her article claiming that if legalized all disabled including children and obese would qualify for assisted suicide as an option. Tada states, â€Å"Society’s moral and unwritten law has always led us to save our children-and certainly not allow them to destroy themselves†(2). I do agree that children should ever be considered for assisted suicide unless they are in dire suffering with no hope of recovery. Tada argues, â€Å" a child lacks the mental, emotional and psychological maturity to make such a decision about death†(2). I completely agree with this but if you had your child suffering and in a vegetative state with no chance of recovery wouldn’t you want to put them out of their misery? We don’t let animals suffer so why let humans? My aunt had a very full life at 52 she found out that she had pancriaic cancer and after she went to the doctor twice she was informed that she had nothing more than IBS. I had advised her that she should get further checked out. And in June of 2010 she went to the doctor with horrible pain in her stomach and after many tests she was informed that she was diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. At that point she was also told that she would not be able to get the surgery to remove it because it was at the lower end of the pancreas where it would be more difficult and could pass from the operation. She was told she could do Chemotherapy. After doing 6 month of intensive pain ridden sessions she realized that she didn’t want to do that any more. Even tho she did not want to end her life she did request that when she was no longer responsive in the hospital that she have the ability to be taken home for the rest of her time. It was only then that the doctors were very opposed to us taking her from the hospital. Not caring that it was her request that she not suffer the were not willing to let us take her home. Before her death she wanted to die at home with dignity. She didn’t want to be in the hospital. She truly believed that it would have been harder on the family to take care of her and she her like that she wanted to stay beautiful and not have her loved ones remember her as a â€Å"vegitable† laying in a hospital bed. This can be a really slippery slope. Who decides for the children or senile women? I truly The person requesting needs to  mentally stable and there needs to be safeguards against any family or doctors so as not to persuade the person in to euthanasia  projects in her article Let’s make a distinchin are qualifier. Terminal and suffering ,incurable, if theres a huge financial burden. Depression and mental

Psychoanalysis of Hamlet

There are always three sides to a coin when it comes to psychology. Two being the heads and tails, the other being the thickness of the coin represented here by the why factor. No action is ever considered to be an accidental behavior, thus making Hamlet an intriguing subject of analysis. Critics of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet often debate the cognitive processes of young Hamlet’s mind. To examine Hamlet through a psychological perspective, one must use knowledge of behavioral psychology, which is the study of behavior that reveals inner thoughts.Hamlet is a complex character full of deep emotions and developmental problems it is revealed through his actions, thoughts, and words portrayed during the play. Traumatic experiences in a person’s life can have serious mental repercussions, such as disconnection from others, self-blame, or permanent mental instability. Accordingly, Hamlet’s behavior demonstrates textbook symptoms of emotional and psychologi cal damage. With the loss of his father, and the quick remarriage of his mother, the dramatic changes in the familiarity of life become the triggers for Hamlet’s change in behavior.These psychological triggers are very relevant in patient cases today such as the remarrying of a parent, the death of close friend, or development during adolescence. The triggered behaviors become dangerous, as the ability of being able to confide in someone else does not seem a possibility to Hamlet. Losing a loved one is never easy, in Hamlets case the loss leads to a downward spiral of behavior that ultimately affects many different people in his kingdom. This problem of seeking comfort or advice in times of need is crucial for the development during adolescence.Psychologists agree that bottling up emotions can cause explosive and irrational behavior, such as in the case of Hamlet. â€Å"Madness in great ones must not unwatched go. † A person’s actions revel to the world what is going on in his or her mind to a tremendous extent. Hamlet’s actions in the play depict a mix of complex planning with sporadic displays of mental instability. Such actions such as the hesitation of killing Claudius, the murder of Polonius, and Hamlet’s interactions with Ophelia reveal Hamlets true mental state. Many critics have scrutinized the delay of Hamlet not killing Claudius over the years.â€Å"Freud offered what seemed to many a decisive answer to this riddle for the ages: that Hamlet is stymied by the weird coincidence of Claudius's crime with his own oedipal wishes. † (Kilgore) This quote represents the deep internal conflict of Hamlet’s actions because of his obsession with his mother’s sexual behavior. â€Å"Hamlet is able to do anything but take vengeance upon the man who did away with his father and has taken his father's place with his mother — the man who shows him in realization the repressed desires of his own childhoodâ €  (Kilgore).This quotation suggests that Hamlet wanted to be like Claudius subconsciously. In addition, this quote answers why Gertrude’s quick remarriage to Claudius is taken so heavily by young Hamlet. â€Å"Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationships. † (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia) Next, the action of killing Polonius is one example of Hamlet’s temporary insanity. Moments after Hamlet fails to kill Claudius as he prays because he is unshriven; he slays Polonius under the impression it was Claudius.The contradictory nature of these two decisions shows in behavioral psychology that Hamlet is emotionally unstable. This action also demonstrates that aggression has taken over reasoning. Emotions are one of man’s greatest strengths but can cause the greatest downfalls. For example, In Hamlet, Polonius’s murder eventually leads to Hamlets death at the hands of Polonius’s son. Hamlets lack of cognitive reasoning ultimately conflicts with his short-term plans as Hamlet is sent away from the kingdom by the man who he is trying to murder.This shows that the catastrophe occurs as a result of instinctive reactions rather than pre-meditation. â€Å"To inhibit actively one’s behavior is stressful and disease related; when individuals do not or cannot express thoughts and feelings concerning a traumatic event (i. e. , when they engage in behavioral inhibition), there is an increased probability of having obsessive thoughts about the event and of having illnesses in the long run† (Kelly). Keeping secrets from people or being burdened by others secrets is an action that can be harmful in every aspect of health.Hamlets action of keeping secrets from others is representative of his mistrust in people. Hamlet has no one to confide in which leads to irrational decisions and obsession. Most psychologists agree that having someone to confide in is crucial in the developmental process. The act of not revealing such traumatic information destroys Hamlet from a mental perspective and causes Hamlet to slip in and out of sanity. The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia is an example of the destructive nature secrets can cause.Good relationships are built on the fundamentals of trust and communication; neither of which is demonstrated in their relationship. Hamlet’s subconscious mistrust in the ability of people to keep secrets is projected into the communication of their relationship. Ophelia thinks that Hamlet has gone insane, and this lack of communication drives her into madness and her death. Secrets can inadvertently destroy many people, making them more dangerous through the subconscious influences. All authors project their own life experiences and thoughts subconsciously in to their literature.â€Å"Shakespeare had a son named Hamnet who died of the bubonic plague years before the play Hamlet. †(Wheeler 127-153) I t is through this loss of Shakespeare’s own child that the play takes on a deeper psychological aspect. Hamlets â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy can be viewed as a projection into the troubles facing Shakespeare during his own life. The loss of a loved one is a powerful influence and subconsciously can cause feelings of depression and suicide. This soliloquy is one of the most recognized worldwide due to its contemplation of life and death due to the struggles that face Hamlet.â€Å"To be, or not to be–that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them†. (Shakespeare) Hamlet is clinically depressed and overwhelmed by the troubles in his life. Not even being able to kill the murderer of his father, he is unlikely that to kill himself. â€Å"Shakespeare presents us with a vivid recital of the thought processes of a man making up hi s mind about a critical step in his life†.  (Kilgore)Thus many people believe that hamlet is overthinking the problem. Thus if this soliloquy was recited to a psychiatrist he would recommend anti-depressant medication. Contemplating life and death is a process that we all do at different points in life. However, it is the manner in which we approach our lives and deaths that define us as individuals. Hamlet has received a liberal education; thus his learned critical thinking and questioning about every action causes obsessive self-criticism. Hamlet’s soliloquy of Act 2 Scene 2 shows hisinnermost feelings of self-disgust about his inaction. â€Å"But I am a pigeon-livered and lack gall to make oppression better, or ere this I should have fattened all the regions kites with this slave’s offal. † (Shakespeare) Thus, this harsh self-criticism leads to Hamlet making irrational decisions. In teenagers the frontal lobe is still in the developmental stages, and affecting his self-perception in addition to his decision making. Hamlet is the perfect storm of decisions based on pathos rather than logos.Hamlet’s decisions, although sometime requiring calculation, often are unrealistic and impetuous representing the trial and error method of learning. Hamlet’s words are invaluable to the shaping of his character. His attitude towards the murder of Polonius disconnects him from the norms of society. Making jokes about the body of someone whom he just murdered demonstrates almost a psychopathic tendency brought about by intense levels of stress. In addition to this, Hamlet is in a position where his actions do not have repercussions evidenced by the town looking the other way on his actions.The psychological effect of having no consequences for actions starting at a young age can have disastrous effects of the development during adolescence; and often in cases can lead to the development of Oppositional defiance disorder children. C hildren with ODD â€Å"have little (or no) regard for what their parents or society expect of them. †(Abraham) Hamlet does not care about how he should behave in society and does as he pleases. Hamlet feels entitled to manipulate the lives of others for his own personal success and has no regard for anyone’s welfare but his own.Hamlet was set up for failure in societal norms from childhood. Other insights into Hamlet’s mental state can be examined through Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship. The words† I loved Ophelia forty thousand brothers/ could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. † (Shakespeare 296). Hamlet is under false pretenses of what love means due to his adolescence, demonstrated by his harsh words to Ophelia and inability to communicate his distresses and concerns with her.In addition Ophelia’s and Hamlets relationship is skewed by how he perceives own mother and women in general. This is demonstrated by Hamlet ’s command â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery,† which reveals that he holds the belief that all women are whores. Nunnery was a colloquium, which meant brothel in Shakespeare’s day. The projections of past experiences to present experiences dramatically affect his relationships. Hamlet’s unkind attitude and words to others ultimately affect the lives of people around him substantially.In conclusion, Hamlets complexity and behavior is attributed to adolescence and going through life crises that trigger developmental and textbook psychology issues. Using Hamlets actions, thoughts, and words gives the reader a microscope for further examination the character. Shakespeare was a master of creating complex characters, some based on his real life experiences. Hamlet’s reactions to the changes in hi+s life much reflect the type of behavioral changes people in real life experience after similar trauma. Hamlet has been a popular subject for psychoanalysis since the discipline became popular.

Food Pyramid Essay

A healthy diet is composed of several groups of foods. The United States government developed the food pyramid in 1992 to suggest nutrition guidelines and intake endorsements for each of the food categories. The foods that we consume on a daily basis fall into food groups. The United States Department of Agriculture recognizes six major food groups. These groups are grains, vegetables, fruits, meat and beans, milk and fats. The foods in these groups all play important roles in nutrition and health. In April 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture released the MyPyramid food guidance system, a restructure of the older food pyramid focused on making healthy food choices and leading an active lifestyle. Any food made from wheat, oats, rice, cornmeal, barely or a cereal grain is considered a grain product. Grains are also known as carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, which is the reason why grains are so important for our health. Foods such as pasta, oatmeal, cereal, bread and rice are grains. There are two types of grains, whole grains and refined grains. Whole grains are made from the entire grain. They are good sources of fiber, which help to reduce cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of heart disease. Refined grains are processed to remove parts of the grain known as the bran and germ, which strips the grain of most of its fiber and nutrients. Refined grains are then enhanced to add back iron and B vitamins. It is suggested at least half of grains eaten to be whole grains. Imagine there was a medicine that could reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, lower high blood pressure, prevent vision and digestive-system problems, and possibly lower the risk of cancer. There is no real medicine that can do all that, but according to the Harvard School of Public Health, you can get all of those health benefits just by eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. Despite their health benefits, only 10 percent of people in the United States consume the correct amount of fruits and vegetables. Those that eat fruits and vegetables are much healthier. The primary reason you should consume enough meat and beans each day is because these foods supply you with a healthy dose of protein. Protein supports healthy growth and development, including the correct formation of muscle and tissue. Eating sufficient amounts of protein is a healthy way to boost your energy so you can be physically active as well. One of the most notable vitamins present in meat and beans is niacin, a B vitamin that helps turn food into energy. Niacin has also been noted to have an increase in good cholesterol. The primary mineral in meat and beans is iron, which you need to produce healthy red blood cells that are able to transport oxygen throughout your body. Beans supply more iron per serving than meat, but both foods are healthy sources of this mineral. Milk has a rich source of calcium and minerals that our body needs to build and maintain strong bones and teeth and assist in the proper contraction of our muscles. It also provides a large amount of vitamins A, B, and D, all of which help proper growth and development. The main reason why milk is so important to the human body is because of how much calcium it carries with it. Fat is frequently criticized as a cause of rising obesity rates and problems associated with extra weight, making many people think they need to avoid fat. In fact, fats are important in your diet for a number of reasons. Fats provide your body with energy and provide storage spots for energy in the body. Because your body can’t make certain essential fatty acids, it relies on your diet to provide them. In conclusion, the primary food groups are very essential to your body in order for it to be healthy. At the looks of it, if humans weren’t consuming any of these food groups on a daily basis, in the long run it would cause a very large number of health problems. The reason why the food Pyramid was created was to show people a healthier life style to live so they can hopefully improve their health and lifespan. In general, eating healthy foods like this makes your body feel much better and you are generally much happier.

Bruce Springsteen Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bruce Springsteen - Research Paper Example Nicknamed, â€Å"The Boss,† Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen was born on September 23 in the year 1949 in New Jersey. With Elvis Presley as his inspiration to pick up a guitar and start playing, at the age of seven, the future of Rock and Roll has just begun. Because his only interest was to play his guitar and surround himself with music, he was a loner in high school and a drop out in college. In the middle of 1960, he, with the help of sponsors supporting young bands in town, became lead guitarist and then, lead singer of The Castiles. Afterward, by the late 1960s to 1972, he gained local fame, playing with different bands at local clubs in several states, such as Massachusetts, California, and his hometown, New Jersey. His creative songwriting skill and talent captured the attention of Mike Appel, Jim Cretecos and John Hammond, a talent scout of the renowned Columbia Records. Bruce Springsteen put his signature on a record deal with Columbia Records, which was about to c hange his life completely. He also brought his colleagues in New Jersey to record songs with him, forming the E Street Band. When Springsteen released his first album, a number of critics liked a couple of his songs, and was even compared to Bob Dylan . Jon Landau, the ex-Rolling Stone critic wrote, â€Å"I saw Rock and Roll future, and its name is Bruce Springsteen.† After his momentous success, releasing more albums, by 1975, he started to finally gain great success. With the release of Born to Run, the title song has gone up in the charts, and his album reached the Top Ten. Selling out concerts and selling over six million copies, Springsteen’s music achieved mainstream success. He was also able to grace the covers of Time and Newsweek at the same time. However, the forward motion of his success was broken when internal problems started to occur between him and Appel. Springsteen filed a lawsuit against his manager and it was settled after two long years, in 1977. D uring those years of entanglement, Springsteen was not allowed to be in the studio to record, so he channeled his songs to other artists and musicians, composing for Southside Johnny, Patti Smith and Asbury Jukes. He also kept the E Street Band intact by touring at length across the United States. After the settlement of the case, Springsteen was able to record again. In 1978, he released Darkness on the Edge of Town under Landau as the new manager, which marked a change in his musical style. From  the raw and natural, lively lyrics, lengthy compound musical compositions to themes of darkness, night, love and blood. Although most of the songs barely reached chart-topping success, the album indicated a turning point in his life and did attain the number one slot as NME album of the year. Despite the tribulations that occurred, Springsteen was able to gain back and strengthen his success with the help and support of his new manager, Jon Landau. His next album was solemn and serious. Entitled The River, it became the doorway of his future songwriting. It was the first album that confronted and dealt with men, women, marriage, love and family. This album hit number one in the charts and sold over five million copies. A couple of the songs such as â€Å"Hungry Heart† and â€Å"Fade Away† reached the charts as well. Although his later compositions and recordings for his following album

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Love - Essay Example It focuses on Clegg’s road towards recovery from cocaine and alcohol at the age of thirty four. Clegg decides to enter an inpatient facility to help him reclaim his career, apartment, his dear cat and a boyfriend to love. His road to recovery is full of pain with little glory. The theme of love in the memoir gets portrayed through the support that Clegg receives from the circle of those trying to recover from addiction (Clegg 22). Clegg remembers friends who supported him and saved his life as they tried to relate to him. It is through their encouragement that he never gave up. He explains the friendships he made while on his road to recovery as incomparable to others he had. The friendship he creates is on another level as he gets to share experiences that other people would not understand. Clegg also tells of his story of sobriety so he can get loved by the old and new family he finds (Clegg 48). ‘This is our youth’ is a play by Kenneth Lonergan. The play centers on two friends, Warren and Dennis. Both are college dropouts. Warren shows up at his Dennis’s apartment after having stole fifteen thousand dollars from his dad. Warren gets introduced to the complexities of human relationships about loyalty and betrayal by Dennis and his female companion, Jessica. The play portrays young love by the characters. The theme of love gets depicted by the relationship between Warren and Dennis. Warren hopelessly hero worships Dennis and follows him through the life of the party. Warren hooks up with Jessica while Dennis gets along with Valerie, his girlfriend. The love between the characters is young, free, wild and careless. Jessica and Warren have sex yet they do not have a long standing chemistry. Dennis is rude to her girlfriend on the phone yet he claims to love her. The characters are bound with a love that gets characterized by experimentation with drugs. ‘Sex without love’ is a poem by Sharon Old. In the poem, the poet tries to understand how

Airlines fault because of safety violations Research Paper

Airlines fault because of safety violations - Research Paper Example Such factors include safety violation. According to Pollock, (2009) the regulatory body (FAA) has for much times fined many of airlines due to the safety violation. The highest fine ever to be charged by Federal Aviation Administration is $ 10.2 million. The latest incidence that attracted the fine action of FAA involved a Texas-based airline. In the report of year 2012 of FAA, the airline delayed repair of its two MD-80. Such delays posed a safety compromise to the passengers. The Texas-based airline operated with this fault for 58 times in violation of safety and the Federation regulation. According with the FFA, (2010) report, the airline was taxed $ 7.1 million. According with the regulation and policies of FAA, negligence in maintaining the airline with knowledge constitutes a breach of safety regulation. The Texas-based airline had deliberately postponed the maintenance of the airline. By postponing, the service providers were intentionally putting the life of passengers at risk. The report established that the management was aware of the several autopilot problems yet they continued to defer the maintenance. The rules and regulation of FAA were enacted following the injury and death caused by airlines. According to FFA, (2010) most of the faults leads to very fatal accident that claimed life of many citizens. In a research done by Pollock, (2009) most airlines in most cases defer maintenance of the airline in the festive seasons such Christmas where there is a lot of travelling. One example given in the research is MD-80 affiliated to Texas-based airline. In the busy Christmas travel season, the autopilot disconnected many times posing a threat on the passenger traveling. It has been established that most a time is due to negligence and drive to make money in the peak season. For this case, the airline was charged a fine of $ 8 million. More

Immigration Marriage Fraud in Canada Research Paper

Immigration Marriage Fraud in Canada - Research Paper Example Under the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, one of the major objectives is to assist families to reunite. It therefore follows that, permanent residents and Canadian citizens may undertake to sponsor their partners or spouse to enable then obtain permanent residence in Canada (Ward and Belanger 2010). However, this Act has been continuously abused by some individuals who enter into marriage for convenience to defeat the Canadian immigration laws and gain permanent resident in Canada. Fraudulent marriage may take two forms: One, spouse may pretend to be in a relationship that is genuine so that it can be easy for the partner who is being sponsored to gain entry into Canada while on the other hand the sponsoring partner may be given some kind of benefits either financial or other kind in return for the sponsorship. The second kind of fraudulent marriage or marriage of convenience is where one of the spouses genuinely gets into a relationship not knowing that his or her partner only wants to use the relationship to get Canadian permanent resident status (Magana 2003). Under the two instances of marriage of convenience, the relationship is terminated soon after the person who is sponsored gain permanent resident status in Canada, thus marriage of convenience or fraudulent marriages weakens the Canadian immigration system not to mention the difficulty that such fraudulent marriage present especially to the immigrants who are genuine in their endeavors. A case in mind is the recent incident where a young Indian boy committed suicide after his wife married him in India, immigrated to Canada, and walked out on him once she became a Permanent Resident. Gurdip Singh Saroya an Indian man had married his wife Harmanjit Kaur Dhami who arrived in Canada on October 12 to reunite with her husband, on arrival; however, she would not allow her husband to touch her. She insisted that she wanted to go and stay in Toronto on her own. Unable to come into terms with this news Gurdip Singh Saroya her husband could not swallow this emotional fraud from his wife anymore, on one Monday morning, Gurdip Singh Saroya committed suicide by jumping off the Pattullo Bridge. The family of Gurdip Singh Saroya is convinced that the actions of Harmanjit Kaur Dhami the fraud wife as they call her was to blame for their sons’ death. They have a strong conviction that Harmanjit Kaur Dhami persistence to move to Toronto to stay alone severely affected Gurdip Si ngh Saroya as he realized that he was in a marriage that was strange and unworkable. The family of Gurdip Singh Saroya are also convinced that Harmanjit Kaur Dhami only used her marriage to their son for convenience purposes to gain permanent resident to Canada. In Canada, an individual commits a marriage fraud when he or she enters into marriage for purposes of getting the requisites to attain permanent resident in Canada. For this reason, when a foreign spouse is helped to gain entry into the country and within a short time walks out of the marriage, these spouses automatically subscribes to their community support system which constitutes a marriage fraud. Basically, the institution of marriage is a union that is sacred, and in instances where one of the party to the marriage has genuine feelings and intentions while the other party mostly the party who is sponsored to get entry into Canada, has a deceptive intention of gaining permanent entry into the country, the very core valu es of marriage are defeated and as such that marriage never existed in the first place. The veil behind immigrants’ marriage must therefore be lifted to establish the true intentions of the parties intending

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Edit - Essay Example The second step was that he brought forth early wins which were evident and visible to all employees of the company. This included reduction in number of hierarchies and introduction of two initiatives which particularly aimed at bringing openness, simplicity, self-confidence, and increasing operational speed. The next step was to develop ownership amongst the employees. For this he developed an initiative called â€Å"work out† which created space for open interaction with different level of employees. Thus he ensured that the company had a strong foundation before further global expansion. Moreover, every employee felt connected with every management policy and action. Fourthly, Welch incorporated wins easy to achieve with least capital. This included the policy that every GE initiative must acquire a number one or 2 positions in the market or else fix it, sell it, or close it. The sale of non-performing initiatives created capital for further investment amounting upto $21billion. He abolished strategic planning system and established a real time planning process which involved fourteen key business heads occasionally developing competitiveness strategies. These served as wins that speak to powerful players to receive their

Providing Guidance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Providing Guidance - Assignment Example A third day could have the parents come to school and talk about family heritages. A fourth day could be when families have a special talent day. A fifth day could be a day where parents and children talk and show what their favorite thing is or are. On the day of the family favorites day they can discuss favorite foods or even favorite hobbies or whatever they want to for the class. On the day they discuss family culture or histories they can discuss what nationalities they happen to be. Through all of these parent days children can learn that mom and dad are more than just their parents. They can learn more about the community and how things work. I was a part of a family culture day and the parents and the children really seemed to like it especially when some of the families had food. A culturally diverse preschool classroom should always work with the parents about particular food needs, cultural needs, or if there are any other kind of family rituals or traditions that need to be followed. Teachers can have parent conferences to discuss what they have to do to make preschool an enjoyable time for both the parents and the children. If you would happen to have a Jewish child in your classroom you may have to understand how some of them eat different kinds of foods and there maybe some Hindu children who wear special clothing to school at certain times. You as a teacher should also know that certain rituals like handshaking are forbidden. They should also ask the parents if there are any special holidays that their children will not be in school due to religious reasons and various rituals will be followed. You as a preschool teacher may also see children who may have same sex parents. When dealing with family involvement and/or cultural diversity preschool teachers should have regular parent conferences to keep a check on school and family matters that could affect school happenings. Preschool teachers and parents should

Urban Growth and Environmental Decay Essay Example for Free

Urban Growth and Environmental Decay Essay Although history may be seen as a tapestry portraying the wars and conquests of humankind, it may also be seen as the continuous expansion of human presence in the planet, the domestication of animals, and the reshaping of natural environment into one that fits the needs of humans. Humans are always chasing after the next frontier, oftentimes compromising the environmental cleanliness and healthiness of their very own surroundings (Haughton Hunter, 2003). The history of San Francisco is also characterized by a continuous expansion and chasing after the proverbial next frontier. Brechin (2001) in his book, Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin explores the history of San Francisco and challenges the stereotypical view that the city is tolerant. By tracing through 150 years of the city’s history, the author was able to uncover grievous features of the city’s history. San Francisco was one of the major sites of the Gold Rush in the mid nineteenth century. The founding members of the society, usually from the South, engaged in mining coal and other minerals in the area. This resulted to the environmental devastation of wet lands, streams and forests of San Francisco (Brechin, 2001). The aristocracy who managed most of the mining industry derived tremendous profit from such industry. These profits were then diverted into other endeavors such as the exploitation of forests, currency speculation and extraction of oil. As a result of the process, several towns were destroyed. The forest region around Lake Tahoe diminished drastically, a wide area of farmland were buried by the onslaught of mining debris, leading to the contamination of the soil and bodies of water around the area. In addition to this, Brechin (2001) underscores that the research on nuclear power started at the University of California and was completed in the Manhattan Project. The price of progress is staggering! Although San Francisco, today, is a famous city and frequented by tourists, such progress was attained at such a big cost to the environment and consequently, the cost will be transferred to the future generations. San Francisco, according to Brechin (2001) epitomizes the city in the Atomic Age, together with the environmental havoc that it brings. The example of San Francisco is also being repeated in developing countries. A lot of people are now migrating from the countryside into the cities. This trend makes the cities crowded, unsustainable in terms of the people’s use of the environment and causes pollution. In spite of these environmental issues, these cities are experiencing economic growth. The question, however, is that until when will this growth be experienced? (Evans, 2002). The presence of economic growth alongside environmental decay is also present in Africa, where most of nations in the region are developing ones. Although the efforts of these countries for development are bearing fruit, the environmental issues and problems being experienced by these countries in the continent are the result of activities geared toward making them more developed. The population of elephants in Africa has been greatly affected because of the desire of people to amass wealth from their tusks (Tesi, 2000). Urban growth attracts people from less developed areas of any given country. As such, they would need to have jobs, use the resources available in their environment and sustain their lives. Along the process, the ecological balance is affected. As shown by the experience of San Francisco, as well as by the African continent, economic growth is accompanied by the degradation of the environment. Reference Brechin, G. (2001). The Environment and Development in Africa. California: University of California Press. Evans, P. B. (2002). Livable Cities? : Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability. California: University of California Press. Haughton, G. , Hunter, G. (2003). Sustainable Cities. London: Routledge. Tesi, M. K. (2000). The Environment and Development in Africa. New York: Lexington Books.

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences Essay

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences Essay Small Island Developing States (SIDS) comprise small islands and low-lying coastal countries located across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Caribbean Sea. While geographical, climatic, cultural and socio-economic dissimilarities exist between these nations, they face common development constraints and vulnerabilities to Climate Change. Growth and development of SIDS is restricted by factors such as limited resources, remoteness and volatile weather patterns. Small populations and remoteness also lead to high transportation and communication costs and minimal opportunity to create economies of scale thereby inducing susceptibility to external shocks. SIDS also generally possesses a heavy dependence on imported petroleum products. High electricity prices therefore also present constraints to economic and social development efforts. Consequentially, eleven SIDS nations are also recognised by the United Nations as Least Developed Countries (LDC). The environmental impact of human activity is increasingly being recognised across the globe. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions largely from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased over the last half a century, leading to the Climate Change phenomenon. Symptomatic changes in climate are already being realised, with increasing temperatures, altering rainfall patterns, rising sea-levels and increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters causing social, economic and environmental issues across the globe. While SIDS provide a minimal contribution to global GHG emissions, they are amongst the most vulnerable to its effects. The size of these island states makes them especially susceptible to climatic variations and extreme events as large areas or even entire islands can be directly affected. The consequential economic environmental and social damage can therefore be extensive, without the option of intra-national relief. Key sector such as tourism and agriculture are under serious threat while in some circumstances the very existence of many island states is at risk. Common characteristics of SIDS not only enhance their susceptibility to experiencing a changing climate but give them a low capacity to adapt to such change. Already experiencing many socio-economic issues such as water and food security, intensification of such issues due to climate change may make these countries uninhabitable. This paper aims to identify the major vulnerabilities of SIDS to impending Climate Change and consider the role that developed nations should play in assisting their survival. NATURAL CLIMATE IN SIDS AND PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGES Across the globe, the effects of Climate Change are already being observed, with SIDS undoubtedly being affected. Sea surface temperatures have been increasing by 0.1 °C per decade in the oceans where most SIDS are located (45), while annual and seasonal ocean surface and island air temperatures have increased from 0.6 °C to 1.0 °C since 1910 throughout a large part of the South Pacific (46). Studies over the period 1971 to 2004 have also suggest warming to be occurring in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean regions, with trends ranging from 0 °C to 0.5 °C per decade (47). Warming sea temperatures leads to expanding oceans and rising sea levels. This is a key concern for SIDS with the entire Pacific region experiencing a mean rise of +0.77 mm per year (53), while sea-levels in the Caribbean region increase on average by 1mm per year. Local conditions mean there is considerable variation between or even within individual island states. For example, different tectonic movements across the country of Trinidad has lead to rises of about 1mm per year along the west coast, while the south is experiencing an increase of approximately 4mm each year (54). Changing trends in extreme temperatures have also been observed. The annual number of hot days and warm nights in the South Pacific and Caribbean regions has shown increasing trends, as well as a relative decrease in the annual number of cool days and cold nights (48, 49). The climate of SIDS is strongly influenced by the ocean-atmospheric interactions. The El Nià ±o Southern Oscillation and decadal variability play a dominant role in experienced periods of drought and high rainfall and the common generation of tropical cyclones and storms in small island regions. Climate Change is already and expected to continually enhance such extreme weather events. Rainfall patterns are becoming more variable. The Caribbean especially has experienced less consecutive dry days while heavy rainfall events are becoming more frequent (50). These changes are projected only to get worse. The intensity and frequency of cyclnes and tropical storms is also expected to increase. Since 1970 the intensity and duration of storms has increased leading to a greater number reaching category 4 and 5 (51). IMPACTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE Despite being heavily reliant on fossil-fuel based energy, in comparison to developed and other developing states SIDS use a relatively modest amount of fossil fuels. Consequentially their greenhouse gas emissions remain low, accounting for less than 1% of global emissions (Table. 1). Furthermore, the annual emissions from the Pacific islands is .96 tonnes of carbon dioxide per capita, equating to only 25% of the worldwide average per person. SIDS thus hold minimal responsibility for the current climate change, yet in a sad irony they are likely to be the most severely impacted. Table 1. Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2003 Selected Countries (http://cait.wri.org) Already susceptible to food and water security and human health, climate change is likely to exacerbate such socio-economic issues. Water Resources Poor water quality and water stress is common in SIDS. High rainfall and drought periods associated with El Nià ±o episodes significantly impact water security of small islands, while factors such as limited size, geology and topography make their water resources especially sensitive variations in climate. Inadequate infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs and water distribution networks cause further issues for water security in many SIDS. Small island nations often show a strong dependence on rainfall. Tuvalu and several other countries in the Pacific rely on rainwater as their principal freshwater source; Dominica, in the Caribbean and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, show almost complete dependence on surface water from streams; while many low-lying coral islands and raised atolls are forced to rely on groundwater due to unsubstantial freshwater lenses. Reduced rainfall, a likely consequence of climate change, constrains the amount of physically harvestable water, reduced river flow and slowed recharge of freshwater lenses. Hence the ability to meet agricultural and domestic water demands is severely compromised. Sea-level rise and flooding can also lead to saltwater intrusion and siltation of freshwater systems. Extreme weather events can also increase water pollution with serious implications for human health and the incidence of water-borne diseases. Furthermore, a lack of adequate water infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs, results in high runoff during the rainy seasons and consequential losses of surface and stream water to the sea. Coastal zones Coastal areas of small islands are generally the site for major settlements and the centre of economic activity. In the Caribbean more than half the population lives within 1.5km of the shoreline, while islands of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, generally establish their villages on the sand terrace or on the beach itself. Communities and critical infrastructure such as schools, electricity generation plants, fuel storage facilities, police stations and hospitals are therefore in direct risk of rising sea-levels and extreme weather events. In the case of a disaster populations are thereby left without basic social services. Rising sea-levels lead to coastal erosion and in some cases inundation, while physical damage from hurricanes and cyclones also threaten vital coastal assets and human lives of small islands. From 1950 to 2004 76% of the reported disasters in the Pacific island region was cyclones with the average cost per cyclone estimated at US$75.7 million (in 2004 value), while the 2004 hurricane season alone caused damage of around US$2.2 billion in only four countries the , Grenada, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. Biodiversity and Tourism Geographical isolation has allowed the formation of many unique species, making these islands home to a significant proportion of the worlds biodiversity. However, human activity is posing serious threats to the natural ecosystems of SIDS. Extensive deforestation has occurred for infrastructural development and agriculture, with more than one quarter of the small island states demonstrating greatly reduced forest cover. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are also experiencing increasing degradation and pollution and overexploitation. Coral cover has declined by up to 80% over the last 3 years in reefs of the Caribbean, with pollution, sedimentation and over-fishing has been determined to be largely responsible. Climate Change will have further consequences for biodiversity and the health of natural ecosystems. Apart from the arising environmental concerns, ensuing social and economic issues also follow due to compromised environmental services. Physical damage from more frequent and intense natural disasters presents severe implications for marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Sea-level rise and associated flooding can lead to salinisation of soils and adverse effects to mangrove forests. Rises in ocean surface temperature and carbon dioxide concentration further threaten coral reefs, leading to coral bleaching events and decreased calcification rates. Based on projected CO2 levels, it has been suggested that the calcification rate of corals could decrease by about 14 percent to 30 percent by 2050(57). Coral reefs play an important role for small islands, providing key nurseries for fish species, protection of the beach and tourism opportunities. Many SIDS rely on one or few economic activities, with tourism and travel commonly accounting for more than 25% of Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) and in some cases more than 50% (12). Natural disasters and degradation of ecosystems can severely impact this income generation. Changing weather- changing distribution of species Agriculture and fisheries Agriculture is highly valued and depended upon in SIDS for both subsistence requirements and economic development. Many islands however have limited arable land and prime agricultural regions are generally located on the coastal plains. Climate change and associated sea-level rise therefore poses a significant risk of further reduction of available farming land due to inundation and salinisation. Extreme weather events also adversely impact food crops and other livelihood resources. Cyclones, hurricanes and floods can cause irreparable damage while extended droughts and shortened growing seasons would also reduce yields. Such events have serious implications for food security while reduced exports of cash crops compromises their foreign exchange earnings and position in world trade. Climate change however is likely to affect varying degrees of economic losses among different island states. Viti Levu, a high island in Fiji, is estimated to have the potential to endure costs in the range of US$23 to 52 million per year by 2050. The low island of Tarawa in Kiribati however faces annual costs of US$8 to 16 million. These costs would represent only 2-3% of Fijis GDP in 2002 and 17-18% of Kiribatis GDP for the same year (58). Fisheries are also a critical sector in many SIDS, contributing up to 10% of the GDP. The El Nià ±o / La Nina cycle already causes visible variations in tuna catches, demonstrating the sensitivity of fish stocks to climate variability. Climate change poses the risk of stimulating altered migration patterns and the depth of fish stock, affecting the distribution and availability of fish species with socio-economic consequences. Human Health Global warming may lead to a variety of associated human health issues. Direct threats to human welfare include injuries and fatalities from extreme weather events such as floods, hurricanes and landslides, while increased frequency and duration of heat waves can also be expected to increase the risk of heat stress, illness, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially amongst the elderly. A changing climate can also have indirect implication on human health. Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns may lead to an increase in water and vector-borne diseases. In 2008, there were 247 million cases of malaria worldwide and nearly one million deaths, mostly among children. Malaria is most commonly caused by the parasites, carried by mosquitoes. Increasing temperatures and flooding events provide favourable environments for mosquitoes; hence climate change is likely to expand the spread of mosquito and the risk of malaria contraction. Variation in precipitation and temperature will also increase the prominence of dengue fever, with such weather patterns attributable several cases in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago during the period 1980-2000. Storm surges and flooding events also heighten water pollution, leading to water-borne diseases such as cholera and the diarrheal diseases caused by organisms such as giardia, salmonella and cryptosporidium. Furthermore, deceases in rainfall may lead to reduced available freshwater for human use and consumption, increasing the risk of disease. Secondary malnutrition may increase due to declines in water quality and decreases in agricultural productivity. ADAPTATION ACTION Due to the current accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and with recommended emission targets from the IPCC failing to be met by major greenhouse gas emitters, the effects of Climate Change are unavoidable (61). Coupled with the severity in which this is predicted to affect Small Island Developing States, it is imperative that adaptive action is taken for the survival of these nations. A number of adaptation initiatives have been implemented by SIDS on a local scale, often in an ad hoc manner. For example, since Hurricane Ivan, it has become common practice in Jamaica to place concrete blocks on the top of zinc roofs. Typhoon resistant housing has been implemented in the Philippines after Typhoon Sisang in 1987; and improved housing design is also evident in Costa Rica and Equador, with elevated houses or a reinforced concrete strip as a foundation so that the bamboo walls do not touch the ground and are protected from fungal deterioration. There are many avenues available to address water security issues. Promotion of drought tolerant vegetation and establishment of river buffer zones enhances the resilience of rivers and catchment areas. National water policies can be used to encourage efficient water use, advocating water saving devices, while revision of building codes can work to improve water resource management, by increasing opportunities for rainwater catchments and storage. The Cajete Terrace agro-systems of Mexico provide an innovative example of adaptation measures to enhance water use efficiency and enables food to be sustainably grown on steep erosion prone slopes4. This works by excess water being fed from sloping terraces into tanks (Cajetes). The water, which would otherwise not be absorbed into the soil, is collected inside the cajetes and slowly seeps into the surrounding soils after the rain has ended. Eroded nutrient rich soil is also trapped inside of the cajetes and later gathered and distributed into the fields. Adaptable farming systems has also be achieved by African farmers through intercropping, diversification of herds and incomes, such as the introduction of sheep in place of goats4. Climate Monitoring, Forecasting and Early Warning Systems can be an invaluable tool to reduce the impacts of climate change. A National Community Based Flood Early Warning System has been established in the Philippines, allowing predictions and timely responses to possible storm events or flooding. With such equipment, outlooks with lead times of two to six months before the onset of an event may be possible6. Vector dispersion probabilities could also be monitored with such warning systems, allowing opportunities for putting interventions in place, thereby preventing excessive illness and mortality during disease epidemics such as Malaria6. In terms of food production, these systems enable better timed planting and harvesting, opportunity for informed decision of alternative cultivar or crop use, better planned food storage according to future need, and preparation of alternative food procurement strategies in advance1. This would mean more efficient use of seeds, labour, and other household resources in farming and food procurement. Such systems also demonstrate the benefits of regional arrangements pooling resources. Regional management of early warning systems is much more effective in enhancing adaptive capacity than national management. Education and promotion of responsible environmental practices is also necessary, such as training of fishermen and women in sustainable fishing practices and farmers in sustainable land use practices. Land use plans and subsequent enforcement strategies can also be utilised to achieve less destructive environmental practices such as reducing deforestation. Mangrove and coral systems should be protected to maintain their integrity. This can be achieved through discouraging pollution and restricting development in coastal areas. Controlled coastal development can also minimise exposure of people and property to coastal erosion and inundation. Relocation programs have been applied in many states to varying degrees. Frequent flooding and erosion necessitated 100 villagers in Lateu Vanuatu to be moved 600m from the coast to higher ground, while Carteret Islanders are being relocated to neighbouring Papua New Guinean island, Bougainville, in response to the excessive impacts of sea-levels rise. Reconstruction of groynes, building sand dune fences and beach renourishment (planting of trees along the coast) has also been used to protect the beach profile and mitigate the impact of coastal erosion on communities. Building national and regional adaptive capacity and providing further options for adaptation is an important component of many SIDS adaptive programs. This involves strengthening institutions, policies and regulations and linking adaptive strategies with sustainable development. Hence, many SIDS have identified investment into renewable and non-polluting energy systems as a priority. This would not only reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions, but would promote long-term energy security. ROLE OF DEVELOPED NATIONS Adaptation The low emission levels of SIDS means their policy actions are primarily focused on adaptation. However, these countries do not have the capacity to fully fund the required adaptation. The World Bank has estimated adaptation in developing countries to require between US$10 billion and US$40 billion. Additional resources, including finances and technological knowledge, are therefore required from the international community to facilitate SIDS in building their capacity to adapt to a changing climate and develop sustainably. Currently there is no specific fund which addresses the concerns of SIDS in relation to Climate Change. However global funding sources are available to assist with the costs associated with adaptation. The Adaption Fund, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and The Special Climate Change Fund provide fiscal support for projects aimed at reducing vulnerability while increasing adaptive capacities to the adverse effects of climate change. This is generally achieved through technology transfer, economic diversification, investments in non-polluting, efficient and renewable energy and sustainable development with regards to energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. For SIDS also considered to be LDCs, the Least Developed Countries Fund, established under the UNFCCC is also available with associated National Adaption Programs of Action. These programs of action combine sustainable development and adaption objectives, focusing on water resources, food securi ty and agriculture, disaster preparedness and risk management, coastal zone management and infrastructure, natural resources management and community level adaptation. Some adaptation programs are targeted at multiple countries (For example, the GEF-UNDP project Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health and the GEF-World Bank project on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean region ), while others are more specific in their application locality. In executing such adaption programs, it is essential the international intervention is sensitive to the local contexts and requirement of the target island state/s. Projects should ultimately aim to enhance national and region capacity for long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Dependence on external assistance must be carefully avoided as with implementation of ignorant hence potentially harmful strategies. Valuing traditional knowledge is a critical means of maximising the potential long-term benefits of projects and ensuring their suitability. For example, to assist food security despite erratic rainfall and cyclones farmers of Timor Island have developed their own varieties of major staple crops. Peru farmers provide another example, using an ancient irrigation draining system waru waru, or raised field agriculture, which makes it possible to bring into production the low-lying, flood-prone, poorly drained lands. The shallow canals provide moisture during droughts, drainage during the rainy season and also buffer against night-time frosts. The Zai technique in Burkina Faso also provides an example of a cost-effective adaptation measure to enhance productivity4. Farmers dig pits in the soil to collect organic material carried by the wind during the dry season, at the start of the rainy season farmers add organic matter from animals which attracts termite activity resulting in termite tunnels that can collect rain deep enough that it doesnt evaporate, and thus increasing soil fertility. Incorporating local knowledge and practices into initiatives not only makes communities more likely to adopt adaptive strategies but they also have a greater chance of success due to being contextually appropriate. To ensure benefit maximisation, initiatives should be applied on a community level. Local stakeholders and community members should be involved in all stages of the project to ensure all of their ideas and concerns are incorporated into the design and implementation. Local involvement will also enhance capacity building and self-sufficiency of target communities. Positive examples of this occurring include in Bangledesh where volunteers have been trained to help in cyclone warning, evacuation, rescue, first aid emergency relief and the use of radio communication equipment4. The Caribbean Climate Change Centre was also established through the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project, allowing climate change concerns to be addressed locally. Despite the efforts of such projects further advances in adaptation capacity and technology transfer is still required. For full realization of benefits, climate change adaptation must be addressed in conjunction with developmental activities. Disaster preparedness, land-use planning, environmental conservation, coastal planning, and national plans for sustainable development complement the objectives of enhancing adaptive capacity. Hence this relationship should be reflected through relevant policies. Mitigation Climate Change poses disproportionate impacts across the globe. While their greenhouse gas emissions are insignificant compared to other countries, the future viability or even survival of many Small Island Developing States is severely threatened. High level emitters, especially developed nations such as Australia, therefore have a responsibility to reduce their contribution to Climate Change. Lobbying for such action is challenging for SIDS due to their international representation. SIDS are members of the negotiating coalition of developing countries, Group of 77 and China (G77/China). Unfortunately, some of the largest greenhouse gas emitters among developing countries are also members. Hence these countries present reluctance to reduce GHG emissions because of their development objectives. Further difficulties arise with members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) also being G77/China constituents. Short-term economic motivations of such countries would deter them from cutting greenhouse gas emissions, under the justification of common but differentiated responsibilities. Continuing emissions from these large developing countries directly threatens the viability of SIDS and compromises their power i n inflicting necessary change among high emitting developed nations. This variance between developing country negotiating partners therefore must be overcome, to protect the existence of Small Island Developing States. CONCLUSION The effects of Climate Change continue to augment with historic greenhouse emissions presenting now unavoidable consequences and action to mitigate excessive global emissions proving inadequate. In comparison to developed and other developing nations, the 51 Small Island Developing States contribute minimally to global greenhouse emissions, yet incongruously it is these nations that are projected to experience the greatest adversity from resulting changes in climate. These countries already endure water and food security and human health issues, with characteristics such as remoteness, limited resources and small physical size and population compromising their development, especially in a sustainable sense. Hence, these countries have a low adaptive capacity with instability in climatic events only going further their socio-economic issues and in some cases, the continued existence of such island states is seriously under threat. Given their limited resources for action, Small Island Developing States require assistance from the international community in terms of both Climate change mitigation and adaption. With their low emission, SIDS have low mitigation potential. Hence, high greenhouse gas emitters must take responsibility to improve their environmentally hazardous practices for the global good. Financial and technical support can also be provided by developed countries to enhance the adaptive capacity and overall resilience of SIDS. Existing funding programs and frameworks should be extended and a specific fund for SIDS established (similar to the LDS fund), to achieve the necessary but exorbitant costs of adaptation. Most importantly however, international intervention must be contextually sensitive and employ local involvement and knowledge to ensure legitimate capacity building, resilience and self-sufficiency of Small Island Developing States.

Effect of Social Isolation Depression on Cognitive Decline

Effect of Social Isolation Depression on Cognitive Decline There is a lot of literature investigating how lifestyle factors are associated with protecting cognitive decline in old age. The influence of lifestyle factors on cognitive ageing is of much interest as it is within an individual’s power to change their lifestyle given the knowledge of how it affects their cognition. By identifying what lifestyle factors are related to poorer cognitive function in older adults, individuals can take the necessary interventions to steer themselves on to the right path towards maintaining cognition throughout their lifespan and therefore ensure a better well-being and quality of life. Social factors include many aspects, such as social activities, social networks, social support, living situation and marital status (Hertzog et al., 2009). However this essay focuses on social isolation and loneliness. Depression is commonly included in studies with social isolation and loneliness and therefore is also considered. There is empirical evidence to su ggest that both social isolation/loneliness and depression are related to level of cognition in old age, and this association will be discussed. How social relationships are conceptualised is important as individuals may have a large social network and an active social lifestyle, but few close friends who they feel they can rely on. Considering there are many different ways of conceptualising social lifestyle, researchers need to ensure that their measurement does assess the factor it is supposed to. This is also true for measuring cognitive ability. Including specific domains instead of, or as well as, one general cognitive assessment is favoured in the literature as it allows researchers to examine whether the predictor variables have an influence on cognitive functioning as a whole, or if it only affects certain domains of cognition. DiNapoli et al. (2014) measured global cognition and four specific domains by assessing performance on 6 tasks. However, they warn readers to be cautious of the findings within the domains as some were based on one task and others were based on two, so there is a lack of consistency within the cognitive measurement. This study investigated the effect of social isolation on cognitive function in older adults. The researchers suggest that social isolation is combined of two dimensions: social disconnectedness and perceived isolation and so these were included in the study as secondary predictors. The Lubben Social Network scale-6 (LSNS-6) was used to measure the three social predictors. Social disconnectedness was measured by 2 items from the scale; perceived isolation was measured using 4, and social isolation was the score of all 6. They were all found to have significant effects on global cognitive performance and on the four domains. Perceived isolation was found to affect cognition almost twice as much as social disconnectedness did. This suggests that while having more social relationships is important for maintaining cognition, how we personally feel about our relationships is more important. However, Cronbach’s alpha was considered when determining internal consistency of the LSNS-6 and social disconnectedness was not suggested to be a reliable measurement. This may be because Cronbach’s alpha is affected by the number of items included and social disconnectedness was only measured by 2 items. Because of this, the researchers warn readers to treat the association of social disconnectedness and cognition with caution, although it is unlikely that the result was hugely affected by this as it is consistent with previous findings. This study is a good example of how social factors can be conceptualised in different ways. Social isolation is considered in this study as a combination of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation, whereas others consider social isolation and disconnectedness to be the same thing, and perceived isolation to be something separate. Cornwell Waite (2009) refer to social isolation/disconnectedness as a lack of interaction with others, infrequent participation in social activities and a small social network. Loneliness, on the other hand, refers to perceived isolation and perceived disconnectedness from others, meaning it is about the dissatisfaction with social relationships, intimacy or support, rather than the physical absence of them. It could therefore be argued that there was not a need to measure social isolation as a combination of disconnectedness and perceived isolation, and instead these two factors should have been measured more extensively as separate entities. Depression was included as a covariate. Although it significantly correlated with poorer cognitive performance it was not found to be significant in any of the main regression analyses and therefore was only briefly mentioned. The study included a very specific sample of Appalachian community-dwelling elders, presumably because of the â€Å"isolated† stereotype associated with Appalachia (Hsiung, 2015), although the study does not discuss this. The results therefore may not represent the overall elderly population. As well as ensuring adults were aged 70 or above and from West Virginia, they also had to have at least four natural teeth in order to participate but it is not explained why. Wilson et al. (2007) focused on the effect of loneliness on cognition in old age. As it was a longitudinal study, some participants were lost but a total of 823 older adults were included in the final analysis. Cognitive ability was measured at baseline and at each follow-up. However, there was a discrepancy in the study as some participants were followed-up five times and others only twice, meaning that those who were assessed more may have performed better due to having more familiarity with the tests. Loneliness was measured using a modified version of the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness scale. The original scale was made up of two components: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness is considered the lack of a close intimate relationship such as a partner or a best friend and social loneliness is considered as the lack of a social network or group of friends (De Jong Gierveld Tillburg, 2006). However this study only measured emotional loneliness. Two other minor changes were made but it was still found to be a valid and reliable measurement. Social isolation was also measured using standard questions assessing network size and frequency of social activity. Loneliness was related to cognitive ability at baseline on each cognitive measure, and also to more decline over time in global cognition and in three of the five domains. The longitudinal design allowed researchers to not only observe the effect of loneliness at one point in time but also examine the inter action between loneliness and time and how they affect cognition together. Participants were all free of dementia at the beginning of the study but over the four years 76 participants developed signs of dementia that met the criteria for Alzheimer Disease (AD). It was found that lonely individuals were 2.1 times more likely to develop AD than those who were not lonely. Social network was not related to incidence of AD but perceived loneliness was which suggests that the quality of relationships is more important than the quantity for developing AD. Depressive symptoms were also assessed with a 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. 1 item asked about loneliness and was analysed separately from the remaining 9. This 1 question about loneliness showed a stronger relationship with development of AD than depression did when it was measured using the remaining 9 items. This suggests that loneliness affects cognition more than depression does. When loneliness was analysed with the risk of developing AD, but de pression was controlled for, there was a modest reduction in the association showing that loneliness is partly determined by depressive symptoms. However, when depression and AD were analysed controlling for loneliness, there was a much larger reduction of association, suggesting that loneliness may be an important aspect of the relation between AD and depression. The researchers explored the possibility of reverse causation, which means that loneliness is a consequence of cognition decline instead of it being a cause or contributing factor. They were able to do this as they carried out a post-mortem examination of the brain in the participants who passed away in order to quantify AD pathology and cerebral infarctions. These were not found to have an association with loneliness and therefore do not support the possibility of reverse causation. However this is a very complicated subject and more research is needed. The more likely explanation suggested is that loneliness has a negative effect on the neural systems underlying cognition which is why lonelier individuals experienced more cognitive decline. Luanaigh et al. (2011) also investigated the effect of loneliness, specifically on different domains, in elders free of dementia. A doctor and a researcher visited the participants’ homes to assess them. This could be viewed as a strength of the study as it meant participants would feel more comfortable in their own homes, especially since they have willingly agreed to this, compared to having to travel to an unfamiliar environment, which could also cause fatigue. The Mini Mental State Examination was included as a way of measuring global cognition which is a very brief cognitive test. A detailed psychometric test, much like those used to measure the several domains, would have been better. The measurement of loneliness contained only one question: â€Å"do you feel lonely?† Although there were four possible answers to this question, it could be argued that one item is not enough for adequate measurement. On the other hand, it could also be argued that asking the direct question if an individual feels lonely is an accurate and sufficient measure of loneliness. Those who answered ‘sometimes’ and ‘often’ were grouped together in the ‘lonely’ group, and those who answered ‘rarely’ and ‘never’ were grouped in the ‘not lonely’ group. This meant that the severity of loneliness was not considered. Overall, loneliness was found to be significantly associated with global cognition even when depression and social networks were controlled for. The two domains most strongly associated with loneliness were processing speed, which is consistent within the research, and delayed visual memory, which is a new finding and therefore requires more research. Just like the problems of conceptualising social isolation, there are also problems with conceptualising depression. There are many severities of depression, which Dillon et al. (2014) explores. 118 depressed older adults and 40 healthy controls were matched on age and education. One problem with this is that for every 12 depressed participants there are only 5 controls. There were four subtypes of depression: Major Depression Disorder; Dysthymia Disorder; Subsyndromal Depression Disorder; and Depression due to (mild Alzheimer) dementia. Those who had moderate-severe dementia were excluded from the study. Global cognitive performance was worse for the depressed group than the controls suggesting that depression is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in old age. All four sub-types showed impairments with memory, however this could be due to the fact that they were recruited from a memory clinic, meaning it is a biased sample as they all had memory complaints. Aside from memory, the subtypes all showed impairments with different domains. This illustrates the importance of measuring both global cognitive function and specific domains, and also of looking at different subtypes of depression instead of only depressive symptoms. Overall, the research shows that depression and social isolation/loneliness in old age are related to poorer cognitive functioning. It is suggested that how individuals perceive their social relationships is more important than number of relationships when it comes to cognition. Therefore interventions should focus on perceived support and loneliness. As the studies are of observational design, the direction of the relationship is unclear. It is not possible to say that depression or loneliness cause cognitive decline as they could in fact be consequences of the decline. The relationship between depression and loneliness is also complicated as one could influence the other. As mentioned in one study, a depression scale asked about loneliness and therefore researchers need to ensure their measurements are valid. Longitudinal studies are able to look at level of decline over time but cross-sectional studies are not, and therefore more longitudinal research would be useful to understand how the period and severity of depression and loneliness affect how cognition changes with time. Word count Title = 10 Essay = 2000 References Cornwell, E. Y. Waite, L. J. (2009). Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 50(1), 31-48. doi: 10.1177/002214650905000103 De Jong Gierveld, J. Van Tillburg, T. (2006). A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness: Confirmatory Tests of Survey Data. Research of Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi: 10.1177/0164027506289723 Dillon, C., Tartaglini, M. F., Stefani, D., Salgado, D., Taragano, F. E., Allegit, R. F. (2014). Geriatric depression and its relation with cognitive impairment and dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59(2), 450-456. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.006 DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., Scogin, F. (2014). Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Appalachian Older Adults. Research on Aging, 36(2), 161-179. doi: 10.1177/0164027512470704 Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development. Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(1), 1-65. Hsiung, D. C. (2015). Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains: Exploring the Origins of Appalachian Stereotypes. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Luanaigh, C. O., Connell, H. O., Chin, A. V., Hamilton, F., Coen, R., Walsh, C., Walsh, J. B., Caokley, D., Cunningham, C., Lawlor, B. A. (2011). Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Aging and Mental Health, 16(3), 347-352. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.628977 Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 1

Graduation Speech: We Are Heros :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I'd like to start by thanking everyone who has come tonight, because without you we would never have made it this far. It's been a long hard journey. Each one of us has gone through our own trials and tribulations. But the one thing that all of us have in common is that throughout the years we all had friends to share in the good times and the bad. Without friends this journey would have been impossible. Our friends gave us someone to talk to when times were bad, but most importantly they provided us laughs and many adventures. Now that our high school career has come to an end we will go our separate ways. This however does not mean that we have to lose contact with those whom we have spent so much time with. To lose contact would mean to lose part of our past. That is why I am asking each one of those graduating tonight to stay in touch with those who have gotten us this far. There should be no reason to lose touch in today's world of technology. By staying in touch the good times will be remembered and hopefully new adventures will be explored. The real message though, that I would like to leave to the class of 2006, is to undertake whatever your future holds to the best of your ability. I'm standing up here tonight, not because I am the smartest person, but because I took everything that school had to offer in stride. Even on nights when I wouldn't get home till midnight from sporting events, I still found time to finish my homework. I guess what I am trying to say is, as we move on into the next stage of our lives we will be faced with even more distractions than we could ever have imagined. Up until now life has been pretty easy. But, now that we are moving into another stage of our lives we will be burdened with new responsibilities and commitments. If there is any hope for anyone of us to succeed at what we have chosen to undertake, we are going to have to stay focused and use everything that we have learned thus far. If we don't, the harsh reality of the real world will catch us with our back turned. We will never have the slightest clue what hit us.

The Problems with Bandwagon Patriotism Essay -- Politics Political Ess

The Problems with Bandwagon Patriotism I’ll admit it, I’m American. I’m an American and I admit, I enjoy it very thoroughly. I enjoy having the right to a free education, choice in who rules over me (who rules, who cares? pun intended), and the right to walk around the streets at three a.m. because I can. But I do not consider myself patriotic, in any way, sense or fashion. The astounding number of Americans nowadays who consider themselves patriotic can overwhelm the small few who were there for America before 9/11. But just what can we do about the bandwagon patriotism and its abuse on middle-eastern oriented Americans; it’s manipulation of American’s gullibility for cheap trinkets, and the backing of leaders in a war we don’t belong in. I believe it’s time to instill more peaceful tactics in our country today. It’s time to stop calling ourselves Americans and start calling ourselves humans. So far America has lost more soldiers in Iraq since the war end ed than we actually lost in the war itself and people of Middle Eastern decent have suffered more embarrassing attacks than most â€Å"average† Americans. Perhaps its time to reconsider the Patriot Act, because truth be told it’s not exactly what our true patriotic forefathers had in mind when they wrote that all men were created equal(despite the fact these men had slaves). Most Americans that watch CNN or FOXnews can tell you that exactly one month after the attacks on the twin towers, that Congress passes â€Å"The Patriot Acts†. But what most Americans can’t tell you is what exactly is inside of these acts. According to the actual document itself, the purpose of The Patriot Acts is: To deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around... ...ic) descent she gave me perhaps one of the most memorable quotes I felt I could have used in my paper. I’m not sure of the legalities of this, or if I should have gotten a written paper, but she said if I wanted to I could use this quote of hers. We were sitting in Barnes and Nobles, and the topic of stealing came up and how ridiculously easy it would be to steal something. Upon hearing this she said, â€Å" It might be easy for you, but whenever I’m shopping somewhere I almost always feel the workers eyes on me, like I’m F(bleep)ing Osama Bin Laden’s daughter or something†. So what does this say about Bandwagon Patriotism? All it does is give Americans another reason to hate, gives scared Americans another scapegoat to point the finger at. So armed with my solutions I hope you will ask yourself, just when will we stop being Americans, and start being humans?

Social Studies Form 2

Section A : INDIAN OCEAN 1. The largest ocean in the world is A. Pacific Ocean B. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Antarctic Ocean 2. The line of latitude that divides the world into two is A. Tropic of Capricorn B. Tropic of Cancer C. Equator D. Greenwich Meridian 3. Which stretch of water is found between East Africa and Madagascar? A. Mozambique Channel B. Red Sea C. Arabian Sea D. Persian Gulf 4. Very long ago , the eastern coast of Africa was peopled by a mixture of different tribes who spoke A.Creole language B. English language C. Arabic language D. Bantu language 5. The musical instrument used by Indonesians very long ago was known as A. flute B. valiha C. guitar D. tabla 6. Four thousand years ago , Egyptians used to sail to the country of Punt which is actually A. the coast of Somalia B. Kenya C. Tanzania D. Uganda 7. Four thousand years ago , Egyptians used to sail to the country of Punt which is actually A. the coast of Somalia B. Kenya C.Tanzania D. Uganda 8. From what an imal is ivory obtained ? A. Cattle B. Camel C. Sheep D. Elephant 9. Which one of the following statements describe plantation farming? A. A company like LONRHO cultivating sugar cane on a large extent in Mauritius. B. A planter cultivating vegetables on a small plot of land. C. A small land holder cultivating tea in Mauritius. D. A man cultivating pineapples for his own use. 10. The Arabs travelled in ships called A. Canot `a balancier B.Bateau cousu C. Dhows D. Chinese Janks 11. Why did Vasco da gama sail close to the Eastern coast of Africa ? A. They could stop in any country in case of difficulty. B. They had heard of its great wealth. C. They were the greatest European sailors of the time. D. They wanted to trade with Indians. 12. Why are some tankers not able to pass through the suez canal? A. Because are too big B. Because are too small C. Because the roads are renovated D. Because there was no petrol

Persuasive Effects On Children Education Essay

The issue that I discovered through research was the controversial turning issue with how selling to kids is a cause of the kid goon fleshiness epidemic. Deceptive advertizement influences is one of the causes for kids ‘s hapless nutrient picks. Ads can be lead oning. Harmonizing to Stepanie Clifford, Susan Linn manager of run for a Commercial Free Childhood said, â€Å" They [ the advertizements ] are powerful and improbably insidious † ( para.22 ) . On the other manus, advertizement bureaus are merely making their occupation. Harmonizing to Mrs. Clifford, the manager for selling communications at Duncan Enterprises, Aluso Dias said, â€Å" We do n't desire to lead on anyone † ( para.3 ) . Because, selling to kids is one of the causes for child fleshiness the advertizement bureaus should promote healthier nutrients, alternatively, they are coming up with new methods of act uponing kids ‘s nutrient picks. There are three chief groups that are involved or affected in this argument, which are the advertisement bureaus, the kids, and even the parents of the kids. Harmonizing to the writer Jason Cartere, who wrote the book, Food Marketing and Childhood, â€Å" It has been estimated that, because of kids ‘s impact on buying behaviour, the nutrient industry spent $ 10 to $ 12 billion in 2002 to make them † ( 12 ) . Ad companies engage in promotional disbursement to attraction the attending of their clients, including kids, to specific merchandises in the food market shop. Children and adolescents are an of import market section. Harmonizing to Mr. Cartere, â€Å" They non merely have important disbursement power of their ain, but they besides influence the purchases of their parents and are the adults consumers of the hereafter † ( 12 ) . So it seems to me that the parents, kids and the advertisement bureaus are all involved in this contention in the some manner of anoth er. First, the advertizement bureaus and how they are involved by the interest to derive money. Selling bureaus targeted at kids has invested a billion dollar industry that is extremely effectual. Harmonizing to Dr. Kunkel, â€Å" More than 100 surveies demonstrate that nutrient selling is mostly successful at act uponing kids, which is barely surprising result, given the one million millions of dollars the industry invests in such effects † ( 2 ) .Much of that buying influence relates to nutrient. Mr. Cartere states, â€Å" Harmonizing to one estimation, one-year gross revenues of nutrient to kids exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002 † ( 12 ) . These bureaus benefit from nutrient advertised at kids. They influence kids ‘s pick of nutrients. Dr. Kunkel indicated, â€Å" In sum uping the overall grounds, the IOM concluded there is strong grounds that advertisement influences the short-run nutrient ingestion of kids aged 2-11, and the regular diet of 2-5 year- old † ( 2 ) . Therefore, the advertisement bureaus do derive some money by act uponing kids to devour their nutrient merchandises promoted. The 2nd group that is involved is the kids. Young kids are major consumers of the merchandises industries. This tendency prompted concerns about the effects of the advertizements on kids ‘s wellness. Harmonizing to the book, Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" The measure and nature of advertizements to which kids are exposed to daily, reinforced through multiple media channels, appear to lend to nutrient, drink, and sedentary – chase picks that can adversely impact energy balance † ( 172 ) . Children are involved, because their wellness is affected by these unhealthy nutrient advertizements. Harmonizing the book, Preventing Childhood fleshiness, â€Å" Dietary and other picks influenced by exposure to these advertizements may probably lend to energy instability and weight addition, ensuing in fleshiness † ( 173 ) . It does look the advertizement bureaus do hold an impact on kids ‘s merchandise trade name and first pick, and consequence on ingestion behaviour. Dr. Kunkel had stated, â€Å" The decision that kids ‘s exposure to unhealthy nutrient advertisement contributes to their weight position is now widely known † ( p.2 ) . It is apparent that publicizing achieves its intended end, which is to act upon kids ‘s merchandise picks even when they ‘re non healthy. The 3rd group that is involved by this contention is the kids ‘s parents. From a practical point of view, parents play a cardinal function as family policy shapers. By advancing certain values and attitudes, by honoring or reenforcing specific behaviours, and by functioning as function theoretical accounts parents have a profound influence on their kids. Harmonizing to the writers of Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" They make day-to-day, determination on recreational chances, nutrient handiness at place, and kids ‘s allowances ; they determine the scene for nutrient eaten in the place ; and they implement infinite other regulations and policies that influence the extent to which assorted members of the household engage in healthful feeding and physical activity † ( 289 ) .Children ‘s wellness demand to be raised by a place environment with engaged and adept parenting, that theoretical accounts values, encourages reasonable eating wonts, and physically an active life style. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" Finally, a 10-year longitudinal survey conducted in Denmark has identified parental disregard as a powerful forecaster of the subsequent development of fleshiness † ( 287 ) . Parents ‘ engagement can lend to active behaviours in kids. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" Although intervention of childhood fleshiness is beyond the range of this study, intervention surveies have demonstrated that intensive engagement of parents in intercessions to alter corpulent kids ‘s dietary and physical activity behaviours has contributed to success in weight loss and long-run weight care † ( 287 ) . As kids develop, parents play an spread outing function in finding the nutrients that are available to them. Peoples have assorted demands, including the physiological demands, like nutrient. Ads industries that promote an unhealthy diet do hold an consequence on kids ‘s physiological demand for nutrient. Mr.Cartere said, â€Å" Ad bureaus spend important sums of packaging designed to appeal to kids † ( 13 ) . Emotional entreaty, technique used to appeal to the emotions and values viewing audiences care profoundly approximately. Harmonizing to the book, Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" Sellers use a assortment of techniques, manners, and channels to make kids and young person, including gross revenues publicities, famous person or sketch – character indorsements, merchandise arrangements, and the co-marketing of trade names † ( 173 ) . Children who see these sort of advertizement are evoked through their physiological demand for nutrient, which interns, is likely to be sub missioned by fleshiness. Dr. Kunkel besides stated, â€Å" Children who see more nutrie nt advertisement have a significantly higher hazard of yielding to fleshiness † ( 2 ) . Ads do frequently appeal straight or indirectly to one or more assorted demands, though these are merchandises that are nit portion if a healthy diet. Using broad scope of attacks, publicizing companies, market their hapless nutritionary nutrient merchandises to kids. Children view the merchandises that are non a portion of a healthy diet, which interns, are seduced to believe they can eat the sugary merchandises and non believe about the effects. Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia of Obesity, â€Å" One survey found that among kids every bit immature as three, the sum of hebdomadal telecasting was significantly related to their thermal consumption every bit good as petitions and parental purchases of specific nutrients they saw advertised on telecasting † ( 8 ) . Well, most of the telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrient, such as confect and sweetened breakfast cereals. Dr. Kunkel provinces, â€Å" The huge bulk of kid targeted nutrient advertisement promotes obesogenic merchandises that are high in added fat, salt, and sugar † ( p.2 ) . Ethical ways used to market to kids seem to hold a negative eff ect, childhood fleshiness. The negative effect, the fleshiness epidemic in this instance, seem to be an consequence of straight publicizing to kids, which has made me believe of the two philosophical rule that I believe. Children need to be guided in the right way by their parents and the environmental factors around them. Childhood fleshiness involves immediate and long-run hazards to physical wellness, which nutrient selling are among the suggested subscribers to the rise in fleshiness rates. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" The rise in kids ‘s fleshiness is a peculiar concern, because fleshy grownups, and because corpulent kids are likely to endure from associated medical jobs earlier in life † ( 1 ) . Parents should learn their kids a life style in which kids learn about the wellness benefits of nutrition and physical activity. Another philosophical rule I believe is merely something ‘s should n't be said if it is non true. Misleading person is non the truth. Ad nutrient as healthy does n't do the merchandise healthy. Dr. Kunkel said, â€Å" The industry say all of the nutrient its advertises to kids under its self-regulatory enterprise are healthy ; but my independent analysis use U.S. authorities nutritionary criterions, say more than two of every three advertised merchandises autumn in the poorest nutritionary class † ( p.3 ) .They can easy be persuaded and be guided in the incorrect way, into believing something that is non true. The nutritionary facts that is included and excluded in a merchandise should be clearly established. Even the simplest advertizements can be misunderstood easy. Childs can be persuaded into the demand of the poorest nutritionary nutrients. Therefore, I wish to stand by the kids on this issue. Dr. Kunkel said, â€Å" Extensive research I have conducted since 2005 shows that prior to the coming of self-regulating, 84 % of all nutrients advertised on telecasting to kids were merchandises in the poorest nutritionary class, which consist largely of extremely sugared cereals, drinks, and bites, along with fatty and salty fast nutrients † ( p.3 ) . These sorts of merchandises that promoted are supposed to be consumed one time in a piece. Yet, the advertizement bureaus are barely doing an attempt. Dr. Kunkel made a statement, â€Å" But my surveies show that in 2007, the proportion of nutrients marketed to kids that remained unhealthy was 79 % and in 2009 it was still a 72 % ( p.3 ) . Why would n't the advertisement bureaus change how they direct their publicities aimed at kids? Childhood fleshiness clearly appears to be a status that is hap pening more often and extensively among persons in a community or population than is expected, this suggests an epidemic. Overall, information clearly indicated that fleshiness laterality in U.S. kids to upsetting sum ‘s, but chief inquiries remain about the effects of this job. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" The primary concern about childhood fleshiness is its possible impact on wellbeing, non merely in childhood but into maturity, with the term â€Å" well- being † reflecting the commissions view that societal and emotional wellness is every bit of import as physical wellness † ( 65 ) .Childhood fleshiness is associated with a broad array of upsets that affect multiple organ systems. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" These upsets include high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance/insulin opposition, hepatic steatosis, cholelthiasis, sleep apnea, catamenial abnormalcies, impaired balance, and orthopaedic jobs † ( 67 ) . Conditionss related to childhood fleshiness, may even go ordinary. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Ob esity, â€Å" It is possible that if the childhood fleshiness epidemic continues at its current rate, conditions related to type 2 diabetes-such as sightlessness, amputation, coronary arteria disease, shot, and kidney failure- will go ordinary in middle- elderly people † ( 69 ) . Parents should educate their kids, from a immature age, about doing determinations sing dietetic consumption, so that as they get older, the kids can take on increasing duty for determinations sing the types and sums of nutrients and drinks they consume. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" Parents should advance healthful nutrient picks by school-aged- kids and young person by doing a assortment of alimentary, low-energy-dense nutrients, such as fruits and veggies, available in the place † ( 293 ) . Parents should advance physical activity every bit good. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, â€Å" Parents should advance physical activity by back uping and encouraging kids and young person to be active and drama out-of-doorss and take part in chances for physical activity † ( 300 ) . So the different techniques used to market to kids so seem to lend to a negative effects. To sum up my decision, due to the philosophical rules, fundamentally merely making the right thing, I wish to back up the kids because of the decision of the negative effects. Children do n't cognize or even understand how they are being persuaded. Parents need to learn their kids how the universe tries to pull strings person. Or else, person like the advertizement bureaus will act upon them. Ads do frequently appeal straight or indirectly to one or more assorted demands, though these are merchandises that are non portion of a healthy diet. Harmonizing to the YouTube picture I found, â€Å" Frosted Flakes † , â€Å" Ads can act upon kids through merely arousing stimulations. † Children need aid bespeaking persuasion of the psychological demands, over their ain existent psychological demands. Children need to be protected by the persuasions of the poorest advertizements aimed at appealing to the demands of their unhealthy nutrients. The simplest advertizements can be mis understood easy. Given that the wellness of today ‘s kids and future coevalss is at interest we, as grownups, need to continue with all due finding and urgency. Work Cited Cartere, Jason. â€Å" Television, Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity. † New York. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2009. Print Clifford, Stephanie. â€Å" A Fine Line When Ads and Children Mix. † New York Times 15 Feb. 2010: 4. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 6 Oct. 2012. Encyclopedia of Obesity. Gen. Ed. Kathleen Keller. Los Angeles: Sage Plublications 2008. Print. Griidgr. â€Å" Media Bites-Frosted Flakes † You Tube, 13 April 2009. Web. 10 October 2012. Institute of Medicine ( U.S. ) . Committee on Prevention of Obesity in the Youth Preventing childhood fleshiness: wellness in the balance. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC 2005. Julie L. Gerberding. â€Å" Marketing Food To Children. † FDCH Congressional Testimony ( n.d. ) : Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. Kunkel, Dale. â€Å" Food Marketing And Chrildrens Health. † FDCH Congressional Testimony ( n.d. ) : October 12, 2011.Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.