SLA: Language Acquisition Vs Learning

SLA Language science Vs culture bilingualistism10/1/17 asylum to BilingualismDuring this lecture, I learned the definition and the immensity of bilingualism. Throughout the days, the definition of bilingualism has changed belatedly from possesses native-like check off of ii or to a greater extent lyric poems (Bloomfield, 1933) to operates in twain phraseologys on a daily basis (David, 1999, pg 157). As nearly as this, I also came to comprehend that in that respect atomic number 18 a number of interlink issues that affect bilingualism such as race, power, familiarity, and culture. This evoke me beca physical exertion I did non get wind how much in the world affects bilingualism and how every last(predicate) of these issues be interconnected. For example, if a family are racist and have strong political views against immigrants, they are less in all probability to support bilingualism and their baby bird/ tikeren are less likely to be scatter to teaching a new linguistic communication due to their parents views. Learning rough bilingualism and understanding the importance of it will serve up me in my portion as a instructor as it will jock me to spring bilingual chelaren tonus more comfortable and wel sleep with in my classroomA1.In this lecture, we were induct into classs and given a scenario astir(predicate) a bilingual claw attack into the school. In the group that I was part of, our scenario was a little Spanish girl coming into primary 2. In our group, we proveed the importance of making this nipper feel welcome and ensuring that she understood what was going. To embark on with, we thought that asking the tiddler if she feels comfortable enough to share her background with class would be a good way to show her that as her teacher, I am interested in where she has come from while at the same establishing the aim of position the baby bird understands and evict utilize. We also thought that having, for examp le, the colours up on a wall display in some(prenominal) slope and Spanish would help the child to differentiate between twain languages and get use to the English whilst motionlessness having the comfort of her counterbalance language.Using the Learning in 2+ Languages (2005) document during this lecture made me realise how important bilingualism is and how near it can be for both young children and bountifuls. I learned that bilingualism does not delay a childs cognitive phylogenesis like some reckon but brings a number of cognitive advantages such as a greater creative potential and a greater alive(predicate)ness of how languages operate.17/1/17 Second Language eruditeness Language Acquisition Vs LearningThroughout this session, I was introduced to a number of different hypotheses, and their criticisms, ring how a person acquires / learns a different language. According to Krashens Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis (1982) there are two distinct goes to learning a la nguage Acquisition or acquiring a language and Learning a language. acquiring a language refers to the passive process of obtaining the subtleties of a language with and through infixed learning however learning a language refers to the busy process in which learners start aware of the rules of the language they are essay to learn. However, McLaughlin (1978) states that this theory is impossible to prove. This interested me as I had never clear that there was a belief that acquiring and learning a language were two different processes. Reflecting back to my own put throughs of learning a languageA2, I was always taught the rules and grammar of language rather than acquiring it through natural processes because, in my own opinion, I believe that they are definitely two divert processes but I also believe that these are closely inter-connected.For me, the rough interesting hypothesis that we were introduced to in this lecture was The Affective Filter Hypothesis. This is the stem that emotional variables can have an deed and pr neverthelesst someone from learning a language. These include motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety. The lower the emotive filter, the more language the educatee will acquire. This shows that a child with low self-confidence whitethorn not pick up a language as easily as a child with high self-confidence. According to the ONS Child and Adolescent genial Health Survey (2004), 2.2% or about 96,000 children have an anxiety disorder. This shows that well-nigh likely, teachers will be faced with the challenge of trying to teach a language to a child who cannot acquire it as easily as the another(prenominal) children in the class. However, Krashen claimsA3 that children do not have the same affectional filter as adults but also experience differences related to the affective filters. An affective filter just now lines for individual variation in language encyclopaedism, it cannot be applied to all children.As well as this, we also looked at the deal Us In A Sense of belong (2009) which highlighted the importance of improving the learning of some pupils. As well as this, the document made me aware of the shift in patters of migration, especially since 2004. cod to easier access and cheaper travel, the number of immigrants coming to Scotland has increased dramatically. more of those immigrating to Scotland bring with them young children who have to be put into the teaching system. This Count Us In document emphasises the importance of teachers in living newly-arrived children and ensuring that they can access the curriculum. As a trainee primary teacher, this is extremely important to me as children essential be able to access the curriculum in order to learn and succeed.24/1/17 Language and SocietyWatching Jane Elliots try outs in prepossess both shocked me and intrigued me. The method that she uses to teach the children about discrimination is both effective and intriguing but it is also ve ry misuse. However, this experiment took position in the 1960s therefore even though it is wrong in the current educational context, it may not have been as wrong then.By telling the children one day that the blue eyed plurality were mitigate than the browned eyed people, it changed their attitudes towards each other drastically and even resulted in some children being aggressive to one another. As in short as the teacher constitutes that the people with blue eyes are better and more superior than the children with brown eyes, the brown eyed children look raise up and shocked whereas the blue eyed children approximate it is funny and they are excited. Jane Elliot forces the brown eyed children to wear collars and doesnt allow them to play on any of the resort area equipment. She gives the blue eyed children special privileges and they take full advantage of these. In the reverse situation, the blue eyed children become upset and come to realise how the brown eyed children fe lt the day before. As well as this, we see that when the children are given privileges and are treated as superior, they do their work quicker and their learning is improved. At the end of this day, the children all come back unneurotic and discuss how being discriminated against made them feel. One child described it as feeling like a dog on a leash. Many of the children came to realise that being discriminated against for something that you cannot control is one of the mop feelings and that no one should be discriminated against.This experiment made me realise that in my role as a primary teacher, it is essential to teach my pupils the importance of respecting everyone and treating everyone the same. Tomlinson (2005, pg 154) states that Failure to develop a curriculum for a multiethnic society has contributed to an increase in xenophobia and racism. This made me believe that equality is something that children need to become aware of at a young age and it is part of my clientel e to make them aware of it. If, for example, a child of another race came into my classroom, my employment would be to ensure that all the children in my classroom were respectful and did not treat them any different unsloped because of the colour of their skin. While this experiment made me realise all of this, it also made me realise that when in a classroom, treating children differently can have a massive effect on their attitudes to one another therefore teachers need to be carefulA4.31/01/17 The sparing ContextThe number of families immigrating to Scotland has increased throughout the years and, particularly in 2004, the number of immigrants that came to Scotland increased considerably (Count Us In, pg 2). During this lecture, we examined the statistics of both immigration and the number of immigrant children moving into new schools. For me as a develop primary teacher, it was interesting to see how the number of immigrants coming to Scotland affected the schooling statis tics. The reasons that people move to another country can vary drastically. Many move for family reasons or new careers whereas others move because they want a smear of safety.Immigration has a huge impact on both Scottish society and schools. As a society, we have to be more accept as a whole as well as just in the communities where the immigrants move to. Showing respect to all families and becoming aware of what some of these families will face every day is essential. When a family emigrate to Scotland and put their child(ren) into a school, it affects the school sectorA5. As primary teachers, we must think about bilingualism and become aware of diversity. Inside the classroom, we have to ensure that the child is comfortable and understands what is going on at all times as it is our responsibility to make sure that they do not fall back end on the work and are learning.In my role as a primary teacher, it is important for me to expose children to a atomic number 16 language a t a young age as this is the best window of prospect and is more likely to lead the child to become bilingual than video to a second language in teenage or adult years. Many parents believe that they should not introduce a second language until they have amply established one language however it is more difficult to introduce a second language later on. As well as this, introducing a second language later on makes it difficult for parents to interact with this language and use it around the house. According to the Count Us In A Sense of Belonging document, a child learning a second language can returns from a number of cognitive advantages that are associated with bilingualism.14/02/17 Language and identity elementThe people that we spend the most time with have the biggest influence on our language and our identity. According to Baker (2006, pg 136) A6we construct our identities yet they are make outd and contain by other people, situations and influences on us. Everyone f orms multiple fond identities depending on the group and interactions with other people. Learning a second language is affected by our interactions with others and helps us to find a voice within a social group. As well as this, it is more than just gaining vocabulary and grammar, it is about being believed and being respected as language says things about our set and knowledge. There are many layers to our language and when we head start learn to converse, we speak in the same ways as those around us. Introducing a second language at this give can encourage a child to acquire the language quicker while learning it alongside their first language.During this lecture, we discussed the issues around age and second language acquisition. Younger learners are neither more nor less successful in second language acquisition than older learners however children who learn a second language in child do tend to achieve higher capability levels than those who begin later on childhood. Even though length of exposure is an important fixings in learning a second language, in a lump classroom setting, older learners tend to learn quicker than younger learners do. In the early years, second language acquisition is dependent on the teacher providing suitable materials and re origins to children and ensuring that learning is enjoyable. As a primary teacher, it is important to make learning a second language more enjoyable for my pupils through resources such as songs etc. By doing so, they are more likely to remember what I have taught them and they are more likely to be engaged in the lesson.28/02/17 Supporting Bilingual Learners in the Classroom (1)Meeting the of necessity and supporting bilingual children is an essential role for a primary teacher. When a bilingual child first comes into a teachers classroom, it is important for you to find them a buddy that they can talk to, or if they are not comfortable talking, just listen to. This not solo benefits the bilingual child, but there are also cognitive benefits for monolingual learners who work with bilingual learners and good utilization for bilingual learners is good practice for all learners. In my role as a primary teacher, I need to ensure that I am supporting bilingual learners at all times as well as supporting all other children in my classroom. It is important to ensure that everyone in the classroom knows what is fortuity throughoutA7 every lesson.Cummins (1976) refers to The Threshold Theory which describes the relationship between cognition and the level of bilingualism. The theory is represented as a house which has three floors and two linguistic ladders, representing L1 and L2, on each side. The further up they are on the ladders and floors, the greater chance the children have of being bilingual and obtaining cognitive advantages. As well as this, Cummins (1980, 1981) uses an Iceberg Analogy and describes a common vestigial proficiency between the first language (L1) and the s econd language (L2). Cummins explains that when exploitation two or more languages, there is a common source where estimations come from meaning that individuals can use two or more language with ease. Listening, reading, speaking and writing in the L1 or L2 helps to develop the cognitive system however the language that the learner uses must be well developed in order to be able to process the cognitive challenges of the classroom.Towards the end of this lecture, we reduceed on discussing the importance of supporting the learning of English as an additional language (EAL) in the classroom. New arrivals must feel welcomed and be placed in an appropriate group based on their age and ability meaning that the school and class teacher must take into account the childs previous education background. By carefully placing the child into an appropriate group, the teacher can carefully monitor them and take account of the advantages of collaborative learning. Class tasks must be suitabl y planned and appropriately scaffolded to support EAL learners. Supporting beginners in English is essential and there are a number of strategies which can be used to help these children. For example, musical composition sentence halves to be matched or creating gaps in sentences to be filled. As previously mentioned, good practice for bilingual children is good practice for all children therefore activities like this not only help EAL learners but also help all other children in the classroom. Pairing a child who has a good grasp of the English language with an EAL learner can help when these activities take place as they can help the EAL learner to understand how the sentences work and why the halves go together if they do not fully grasp the concept.A8ReferencesBaker, C. (2011) Foundations of Bilingual rearing and Bilingualism. 5th Ed. McNaughton Gunn USABaker, C. (2006) Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 4th ed. Clevedon Multilingual MattersBloomfield, L. (19 33) Language. Holt New YorkCummins, J. (1976) The Influence of Bilingualism on cognitive Growth A Synthesis of Research Findings and Explanatory Hypotheses. Working document on Bilingualism, No. 9.David, T. (1999) Young Children Learning. Bilingual Children in a monolingual Society. Sage LondonHer Majestys Inspectorate of Education (2009) Count us in A Sense of Belonging Meeting the Needs of Children and Young People fresh Arrived in Scotland. Online Available http//www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/cuimnnus_tcm4-618947.pdf Accessed 17/1/17.Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTScotland). 2005. Learning in 2(+) languages. Ensuring effective inclusion for bilingual learners. Good practice for teachers, educational establishments and local authorities. Dundee LTScotland.ONS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (2004) Accessed http//www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/ polity/mental_health_statistics Date Accessed 17/1/17Tomlinson, S. (2005b) Race, Ethnicity and Education und er New Labour, Oxford, inOxford Review of Education Vol. 31, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 153-171A1Good pointA2goodA3(ibid.)?A4Good commentaryA5How/in what way(s)?A6A7And why?A8Well compose and fluent make sure that all LOs can be cover by your choice of journal entries we will discussICT Support in agate line lake herring Case StudyICT Support in Business lake herring Case StudyTing Cheuk SzeTopic How do you think ICT / Information System infrastructure and IT strategy at lake herring is supporting the argument? (1451words)A) A short summary of Nolans (1973) salutes of growth modelNolan describes a learning curve in the organic evolution of entropy processing in 1974 Harvard Business Review. Nolan believes that establishments need to understand the growth characteristics associated with each stage of development. understanding this curve is conducive to help organizations effective implementation of culture technology. The first version consisted the stages of initiation, cont agion, falsify, integrating. It eventually expanded to six stages in 1979, which include education administration and maturity.Nolans main content of the stage model microscope stage I, mental hospitalThe organisation introduces computer system to increase its competitiveness. data processing be are lack of control, the establishment of information systems often do not pay attending to economic efficiency in this stage. branch II, ContagionInformation technology applications began to spread in the organisation. The organisation managers began to pay attention to the economic benefits of information systems investing, but the real control does not exist.Stage III, ControlThe solicitude information system became a formal section to control its internal activities and launched a project charge plan and a system development methodology. The current application began to formal, and lay the foundation for the emerging development of information systems.Stage IV, IntegrationOr ganizations began to use databases and telematics technologies to consolidate breathing information systems. Which is the stage that previous systems are integrated with the newer systems.Stage V, Data administrationThe organization begins to examine and evaluate the various cost and benefits of information system social structure, and analyzes and re sacks issues of balance and coordination in all areas of information systems investment.Stage VI, MaturityAt this stage, the information system can meet the needs of go-aheads at all levels. the enterprise will integrate the management process together with the internal and external resources, thus enhancing the competitiveness and development potential of the enterprise.B) deem Nolans Stage of Growth Model (1973) in Cisco caseIn this essay, I will discuss the Cisco case by open Nolan model stage by stage and show how Cisco was followers the Nolan model during the system develop process. Moreover, discuss about the trouble when Cisco well-tried to process to the next stage. For the Cisco case, I will focus on the first version of Nolans Stage of Growth Model (1973) as the essay question require, which is only consider four stages, Initiation, Contagion, Control and Integration stages. Moreover, the fifth stage will be discussed which because it may appropriate in the Cisco case, which is Data administration stage. I will not discuss about the 6th stage. In my view, Cisco had not process to the sixth stage form the case study(2004).Cisco is one of the example can be explain by Nolans Stages of Growth Model. Nolans (1973) stages of growth model modelling is appropriate in the Cisco development process because they are similar which Cisco development process is also following the stage that mention in Nolans model. The model summarises the experiences and law of development of management information systems. It is mostly assumed that the phases in the model are not jumpable, because the organization nee ds some experience before preparing for the next phase of work. The development process in Cisco is almost same as the Nolans model. its sanctioned idea for the construction of management information system is instructive. In-depth understanding of Nolan model may help organisations more effectively manage the process. Although these phases contain some natural growth processes, these growth processes can be effectively coordinated and managed, so that each stage represents a change in the order of prep and management. The first two stages Initiation and ContagionCisco was already experience first two stage before quill Solvik joined Cisco as its CIO in 1993.1984, Cisco Systems was founded in the United States, the founders are two computer scientists from Stanford University. Computer was introduced when the smart set was founded. Computer is a necessary equipment for the ships company because the products and computer are complement in the production line. However, there were only a few individuals can use the computer, for example, the two computer scientist founders. by and by the expansion of Cisco, Enterprises had a certain understanding of the computer. They would like to use computers to solve problems at work, such as more data processing, management and business to bring convenience. Thus, the application began to increase demand, IT applications began to generate interest in enterprises, and the development of software enthusiasm, investment began to increase significantly. It is easy to blindly purchase, blind development of custom software phenomenon, the lack of planning and planning, so the application level is not high, the overall effectiveness of IT cannot be highlighted as Nolan (1974) has been discussed on his paper.Until Peter Solvik joined Cisco, he recognized the problem from the second stage(Contagion), such as data redundancy, data inconsistency, and the date was hard to share. Business managers realized that the use of computers applications was out of control, IT investment growth was fast, but the benefits were not satisfactory. He tried to begin to control the overall development of computer systems, such as the reorganize the IT budget planning, replaced committee and change the reporting relationship. However, Cisco was still stunning in the beginning of the third stage.The third stage ControlBoston joined Cisco as a new CIO after Solvik left in 2001. He finds that there is an ineffectiveness investment on the customized tools. There were nine different tools to access the customer order which create multiple data and different definition on explanation with the order. He thought the conflicts and redundancies is occur because there were not centralized team checking for the company systems which lead to a rise of supernumerary tools. As Nolan (1974) discuss, for the need to control the cost of data processing, managers began to convene users from different sectors of the Committee, to jointly plan t he development of information systems. The management information system became a formal plane section to control its internal activities and launched a project management plan and a system development methodology. The current application began to formal, and lay the foundation for the upcoming development of information systems. In the Cisco case, Boston stopped the investment of the new tools applications and upgraded its ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system, solving the reporting and intelligence problem and growth its customer database.The fourth stage IntegrationBoston also focussed on funding IT project. It makes the company process to the fourth stage, which is Integration stage. Organizations from the management of computer management information resources. From the first stage to the third stage, commonly a lot of independent entities. Based on control, enterprises began to re-planning and design, the establishment of basic database, and build a matching informati on management system. Enterprise IT construction began by the scattered and single-point development into a system. At this point, corporate executives began unified different enterprise IT organizations systems into a single system for management. People, financial, material and other resources can be integrated in the enterprise sharing, lead to more effective use of existing IT systems and resources. Nolan recognized such integration costs will be higher, longer, and the system is more unstable. However, Cisco did not in the case. Boston encouraged his team being carefully in the enterprise project, tried to reduce the multiple data and different definitions of the order problem to avoid the future large scale of cleanups. It was because it will increase the unnecessary spending if it is useless.The fifth stage Data administrationIn this stage, the organization began a comprehensive study and evaluation of the various costs and benefits of information system construction. The cha llenges had occurred in Cisco, the process of funding budget in a pool from different groups across the world is complex. It is hard to show the benefit of the new enterprise project to every group. Boston started to consider about the communication between the group on order to increase efficacy when starting a new project. This stage, enterprises began to select a unified database platform, data management system and information management platform, unified data management and use of various departments, the basic realization of the system integration of resources, information sharing. IT system planning and resource utilization more efficient.ConclusionNolan stage model summarizes the experiences and rules of management information system development, and its basic idea has directing significance for the construction of management information system.it can be apply in the Cisco case. Nolans (1973) stages of growth model framework is appropriate in the Cisco development process b ecause they are similar which Cisco development process is also following the stage that mention in Nolans model. Cisco was experience from the first stage when it has been founded in 1984 and continue to the fifth stage in 2004. (1451 words)BibliographyAndrew Mcafee, F. Warren Mcfarlan, Alison Berkley wagonfeld (2004) ,Enterprise IT at Cisco. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163.Nonna, Richard. Managing The Crisis In Data Processing. Harvard Business Review. 57 (2) 115-126.Nolan, Richard (1973). Managing The Computer Resource A Stage Hypothesis. Communications of the ACM. 16 (4) 399-405